Primary care, health disparities, and vulnerable populations. • The association between primary care and health outcomes, particularly on the role of primary care in mediating the adverse impact of income inequality on health outcomes. • Research on the nation’s vulnerable populations, in particular community health centers that serve vulnerable populations, including their sustainability, provider recruitment and retention experiences, financial performance, experience under managed care, and quality of care.

Health Policy and Management primary care vulnerable populations community health centers

Visiting Professor, China and Taiwan Universities; Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare; Who’s Who in America; USC School of Public Health Faculty Research Award, 1996Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor Award, 1988-1989, UC Berkeley; Regents Fellow, 1987-1990, UC Berkeley, Recipient of Public Health Alumni Association Scholarship, 1988 UC Berkeley; Distinguished PRC Scholar, 1986, U.S. National Committee on United States-China Relations;

Selected Publications:

Books (last two years)

Shi, Leiyu, and Singh, Douglas A. Essentials in Health Care Delivery. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., Sudbury, MA, 2nd edition, 2009. Shi, Leiyu, and Singh, Douglas A. Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 4th edition, Sudbury, MA, 2008, 649 pages. Shi, Leiyu. Health Services Research Methods. 2nd edition, Albany, NY: International Thompson Publishing, 2008. Shi, Leiyu Managing Human Resources In Health Care Organization. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., Sudbury, MA, 412 pages, 2007. Shi, Leiyu, and Stevens, Greg. Vulnerable Populations in America. Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc., San Francisco, CA, 312 pages.

English Language Journal Articles (Since 1997 Hopkins tenure)

(118) Shi, Leiyu, Tsai, Jenna, Senyeong Kao. “Public Health, Social Determinants of Health, and Public Policy.” The Journal of Medical Sciences, 2009. (117) Martin, Brian C., Shi, Leiyu, Ryan Ward. “Financial Performance and Managed Care Trends of Health Centers.” Journal of Health Care Finance, Upcoming, 2009. (116) Martin, Brian C., Shi, Leiyu, Ryan Ward. “Race, Gender, and Language Concordance in the Primary Care Setting.” International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Upcoming, 2009. (115) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James. “Changes in Medical Care Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1996-2002” International Journal of Health Services, 38(4):653-670, 2008. (114) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory D., Lebrun, Lydie A., Faed, Pegah, Tsai, Jenna. “Enhancing the Measurement of Health Disparities for Vulnerable Populations” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, November/Supplement, S45-S52, 2008. (113) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory, Faed, Pegah, Tsai, Jenna. “Rethinking Vulnerable Populations in the United States: An introduction to a General model of Vulnerability.” Harvard Health Policy Review, 9(1), Spring:43-48, 2008. (112) Shi, Leiyu, Collins, Patricia, Tsai, Jenna. “Reforming U.S. Healthcare Delivery.” Harvard Health Policy Review, 9(1):46-56, Spring 2008. (111) Shi, Leiyu, Collins, Patricia. “Persistence of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Primary Care Access and Experience: Results from a National Survey.” Harvard Health Policy Review, Fall, 8(2): 66-77, 2007. (110) Shi, Leiyu, Collins, Patricia. “Public-Private Partnerships in Community Health Centers: Addressing the Needs of Underserved Populations.” Organizational Ethics: Healthcare, Business, and Policy, Sprig/Summer, 4(1): 35-44, 2007. (109) Shi, Leiyu, Collins, Patricia, Felix-Aaron, Kaytura, Watters, Vanessa, Shah, Leslie. “Health Center Financial Performance: National Trends and State Variation, 1998-2004?” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, March-April, 13(2): 133-150, 2007. (108) Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu. “Quantifying the Health Benefits of Primary Care, in the United States.” International Journal of Health Services, 37(1):111-126, 2007. (107) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory Politzer, Robert. “Access to Care for U.S. Health Center Patients and Patients Nationally: How Do the Most Vulnerable Populations Fare?” Medical Care, 45(3): 206-213, March 2007. (106) Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu. “Commentary: Primary Care and Health Outcomes: A Health Services Research Challenge.” Health Services Research, December, 42(6): 2252-6, 2007. (105) Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu. “The Impact of Primary Care and What States Can Do.” North Carolina Medical Journal, May/June, 68(3): 204-207, 2007. (104) Frick, Kevin D., Shi, Leiyu, Gaskin, Darrell J. “Level of Evidence of the Value of Care in Federally Qualified Health Centers for Policy Making” Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action. Spring Volume 1.1, 75-82, 2007. (103) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory. “The Role of Community Health Centers in Delivering Primary Care to the Underserved: Experiences of the Uninsured and Medicaid Insured” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 30(2), April-June, pp.159-170, 2007. (102) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Politzer, Robert, Wulu, John, Xu, Jiahong. “Primary Care, Social Inequalities, and All-Cause, Heart Disease, and Cancer Mortality in US Counties, 1990.” American Journal of Public Health, 95(4):674-680, 2005. (101) Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James. “Contributions of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health.” The Milbank Quarterly, 83(3): 457-502, 2005. (100) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory. “Disparities in Access to Care Among American’s Children: The Role of Race/Ethnicity and Poverty.” Public Health Reports, 120(4): 431-441, July/August, 2005. (99) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Politzer, Robert, Xu, Jiahong. “Primary Care, Social Inequalities, and All-Cause, Heart Disease, and Cancer Mortality in U.S. Counties: A Comparison between Urban and Non-Urban Areas.” Public Health 119: 699-710, 2005. (98) Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu, Grover, Atul, Macinko, James. “The Effects of Specialist Supply on Populations’ Health: Assessing the Evidence.” Health Affairs, March 15, W5-97-107, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/hlthaff.w5.97v1, 2005. (97) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory. “Vulnerability and the Receipt of Recommended Preventive Services: the Influence of Multiple Risk Factors.” Medical Care 43(2):193-198, 2005. (96) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Politzer, Robert, Xu, Jiahong. “Primary Care, Race, and Mortality in US States.” Social Science & Medicine, 61, 65-75, 2005. (95) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory. “Vulnerability and Unmet Health Care Needs: The Influence of Multiple Risk Factors.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(2):148-154, 2005. (94) O’Malley, Ann S, Forrest, Christopher B, Politzer, Robert M, Wulu, John T, Shi, Leiyu. “Health Center Trends, 1994-2001: What Do They Portend for the Federal Growth Initiative?” Health Affairs, 24(2): 465-472, 2005. (93) Shi, Leiyu, Stevens, Gregory D., Wulu, John T. Jr., Politzer, Robert M., Xu, Jiahong. “America’s Health Centers: Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Perinatal Care and Birth Outcomes.” Health Services Research, December, 39(6), 1881-1901, 2004. (92) Shi, Leiyu, Green, Lisa, H., Kazakova, Sophia. “Primary Care Experience and Racial Disparities in Self-reported Health Status.” Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 17: 443-52, 2004. (91) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Xu, Jiahong, Regan, Jerri, Politzer, Robert, Wulu, John. “Primary Care, Infant Mortality, and Low Birth Weight in the States of the USA.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58(5): 374-380, 2004. (90) Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu. “The Medical Home, Access to Care, and Insurance: A Review of the Evidence.” Pediatrics, 113(5):1493-1498, May 2004. (89) Lu, Ning, Samuels, Michael E., , Shi, Leiyu, Baker Sam L., Glover, Sandra H., Sanders, Jim M. “Child Day Care Risks of Common Infectious Diseases Revisited.” Child Care Health Development, 30(4):361-8, July 2004. (88) Macinko, James A., Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara. “Wage Inequality, the Health System, and Infant Mortality in Wealthy Industrialized Countries, 1970-1996.” Social Sciences & Medicine, 58(2): 279-292, 2004. (87) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Wulu, John, Regan, Jerri, Politzer, Robert. “The Relationship Between Primary Care, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US States, 1980-1995.” Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 16(5):412-422, 2003. (86) Shi, Leiyu, Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Xu, Jiahong, Politzer, Robert. “Primary Care, Income Inequality, and Stroke Mortality in the United States. A Longitudinal Analysis, 1985-1995.” Stroke, 34: 1958-1964, August 2003. (85) Politzer RM, Schempf AH, Starfield B, Shi, L. “The Future Role of Health Centers in Improving National Health.” Journal of Public Health Policy, 24(3): 296-306, 2003. (84) Stevens, GD., Shi, L., Cooper, LA. “Patient-Provider Racial and Ethnic Concordance and Parent Reports of the Primary Care Experiences of Children.” Annals of Family Medicine, 1:105-112. 2003. (83) Macinko, James, Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu. “The Contribution of Primary Care Systems to Health Outcomes within Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Countries, 1970-1998.” Health Services Research, 38(3):831-865, 2003. (82) Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara, Xu, Jiahong, Politzer, Robert, Regan, Jerrilyn. “Primary Care Quality: Community Health Center and Health Maintenance Organization.” Southern Medical Journal, 96(8):787-795, August 2003. (81) Macinko, James A., Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara, Wulu, John T. Jr. “Income Inequality and Health: A Critical Review of the Literature.” Medical Care Research & Review, 60(4): 407-452, December, 2003. (80) Shi, Leiyu, Forrest, Christopher B., von Schrader, Sarah, and Ng, Judy. “Vulnerability and the Patient-Practitioner Relationship: The Roles of Gatekeeping and Primary Care Performance.” American Journal of Public Health, 93:138-144, 2003. (79) Stevens GD, Shi L. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Primary Care Experiences of Children: a Review of the Literature.” Medical Care Research and Review 60(1):3-30, March, 2003. (78) Forrest, Christopher B., Shi, Leiyu, von Schrader, Sarah, Ng, Judy. “Managed Care, Primary Care, and the Patient-Practitioner Relationship.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17(4):270-7, April, 2002. (77) Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara, Politzer, Robert, Regan, Jerri. “Primary Care, Self-Rated Health, and Reductions in Social Disparities in Health” Health Services Research, 37(3):529-550, 2002. (76) Starfield, Barbara, and Shi, Leiyu, “Policy Relevant Determinants of Health: An International Perspective.” Health Policy 60:201-218, 2002. (75) Stevens, Gregory D., and Shi, Leiyu, “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Primary Care for Children.” Journal of Family Practice 2002; 51(6):573, 2002. (74) Stevens GD, Shi Leiyu, “Effect of Managed Care on Children's Relationships With Their Primary Care Physicians: Differences by Race.” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002 Apr; 156(4): 369-77. (73) Shi, Leiyu, Regan, Jerrilynn, Politzer, Robert M, Luo, Jue. “Community Health Centers and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Healthy Life.” International Journal of Health Services, 31(3):567-582, 2001. (72) Shi, Leiyu, Politzer, Robert, Regan, Jerri, Lewis-Idema, Deborah, Falik, Marilyn. “The Impact of Managed Care on the Mix of Vulnerable Populations Served by Community Health Centers.” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 24(1): 51-66, 2001. (71) Politzer, Robert M., Yoon, Jean, Shi, Leiyu, Hughes, Rhonda G, Regan, Jerrilyn, Gaston, Marilyn H. “Inequality in America: The Contribution of Health Centers in Reducing and Eliminating Disparities in Access to Care.” Medical Care Research and Review, 58(2): 234-248, 2001. (70) Navarro, Vicente, Shi, Leiyu. “The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health.” International Journal of Health Services, 31:1-21, 2001. (69) Samuels, Michael E., Cochran, Christopher R., Shi, Leiyu. “A Profile of Women Medical Directors in Community and Migrant Health Centers.” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 24(1): 84-91, 2001. (68) Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara. “The Effect of Primary Care Physician Supply and Income Inequality on Mortality among Blacks and Whites in US Metropolitan Areas.” American Journal of Public Health, 91(8):1246-1250, 2001. (67) Shi, Leiyu. “The Convergence of Vulnerable Characteristics and Health Insurance in the US.” Social Science & Medicine, 53:519-529, 2001. (66) Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara, and Xu, Jiahong. “Validating the Adult Primary Care Assessment Tool.” Journal of Family Practice, 50(2):161W-175W (http://jfponline.com/content/2001/02/jfp_0201_01610.asp), 2001. (65) Navarro, Vicente, Shi, Leiyu. “The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health.” Social Science & Medicine, 52:481-491, 2001. (64) Shi, Leiyu. “Type of Health Insurance and the Quality of Primary Care Experience.” American Journal of Public Health, 90(12):1848-1855, December, 2000. (63) Shi, Leiyu, Oliver, Thomas R., Huang, Virginia. “The Children’s Health Insurance Program: Expanding the Framework to Evaluate State Goals and Performance.” The Milbank Quarterly, 78(3): 403-446, 2000. (62) Shi, Leiyu, Lu, Ning, Zhao, Mingming, Xu, Jiahong, Kelly, Kathi, Huang, Youjie. “Respiratory Symptoms and Use of Medical Care Associated with Child Day Care and Health Care Plan among Preschool Children.” The Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association, 96:335-340, 2000. (61) Shi, Leiyu. “Vulnerable Populations and Health Insurance.” Medical Care Research and Review, 57(1):110-134, March 2000. (60) Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara. “Primary Care, Income Inequality, and Self-rated Health in the United States: A Mixed-level Analysis.” International Journal of Health Services, 30(3):541-555, 2000. (59) Shi, Leiyu, Frick, Kevin D., Lefkowitz, Bonnie, Tillman, Julia. “Managed Care and Community Health Centers.” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 23(1):1-22, 2000. (58) Shi, Leiyu, Lu, Ning. “Individual Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization for Pediatric Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 11(4):373-384, 2000. (57) Lin, Cheng-Chieh, Li, Tsai-Chung, Lu, Ning, Shi, Leiyu. “Patient and Hospital Factors Associated with Hospital Admissions for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions.” M Taiwan J Med, 5:1-15, 2000. (56) Shi, Leiyu. “Experience of Primary Care by Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States.” Medical Care, 37(10):1068-1077, October 1999. (55) Starfield, Barbara, Shi, Leiyu. “Determinants of Health: Testing of a Conceptual Model.” Ann N Y Acad Sci., 896: 344-6, Review, 1999. (54) Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E., Pease, Mary, Bailey, WP, Corley, Elizabeth H. “Patient characteristics associated with hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in South Carolina.” Southern Medical Journal, 92(10): 989-998, 1999. (53) Shi, Leiyu, Starfield, Barbara, Kennedy, Bruce, Kawachi, Ichiro. “Income Inequality, Primary Care, and Health Indicators.” The Journal of Family Practice, 48(4): 275-284, 1999. (52) Lowery, Kelly, Shi, Leiyu, Weiner, Jonathan P., Patow, Carl. “Money, Mission, and Medicine: An Innovative Managed Care Partnership between the Community Health Centers of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University.” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 22(4):13-27, 1999. (51) Shi, Leiyu, Huang, Youjie, Kelly, Kathi, Zhao, Mingming, and Solomon, Steven L, “Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Use of Medical Care Associated with Child Day Care and Health Care Plan among Preschool Children.” The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 18(7):596-603, 1999. (50) Samuels, Michael E., Shi, Leiyu, Cochran, Christopher R., Glover, Saundra, and Beattie, Catherine M. “A Profile of Women CEOs/Administrators in Community and Migrant Health Centers.” Journal of Health Administration Education, 17(2):111-127, 1999. (49) Lin, Cheng-Chieh, Shi, Leiyu, Li, Tsai-Chung. “Individual and Hospital Factors Associated with Hospitalization for Chronic Medical Conditions.” M Taiwan J Med, 4:9-21, 1999. (48) Kao, Senyeong, Chen, Li-Mei, Shi, Leiyu, Weinrich, Martin C, and Miller, C. Arden. “Causes of Maternal Mortality in Taiwan.’ Journal of Medical Science, 20(2):69-77, 1999. (47) Shi, Leiyu, Brown, Thomas “Regular Source of Care and Health Care Utilization.” Carolina Health Services and Policy Review, 1999. (46) Cochran, Chris R., Samuels, Michael E., Shi, Leiyu. “Differences in the Role and Administrative Relationships of Medical Directors in Community and Migrant Health Centers.” Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 22(2):237-253, 1999. (45) Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E., Cochran, Chris R., Glover, Saundra, Singh, Douglas A. “Physician Practice Characteristics and Satisfaction: A Rural-Urban Comparison of Medical Directors at U.S. Community and Migrant Health Centers.” The Journal of Rural Health, 14(4):346-356, 1998. (44) Shi, Leiyu, “Health Care Delivery in the People’s Republic of China.” Current Politics and Economics of China, 2(1):21-47, 1998. (43) Shi, Leiyu, “Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise in rural China.” Current Politics and Economics of China, 2(1):49-60, 1998. (42) Shi, Leiyu, “Sociodemographic Characteristics and Individual Health Behaviors.” Southern Medical Journal, 91(10): 933-941, October, 1998. (41) Samuels, Michael E., Shi, Leiyu, Campbell, Norma J. “Community and Migrant Health Centers: The Need for a Coordinated National Financing Policy.” Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 10(4): pp. 529-548, Winter 1998. (40) Kao, Senyeong, Chen, Li-Mei,, Shi, Leiyu, Weinrich, Martin C, and Miller, C. Arden. “Causes of Non-maternal Mortality in Taiwan.” Journal of Health and Population in Developing Countries, 1(2):44-50, 1998. (39) Lindley, Lisa L, Reininger, BM, Vincent, ML, Richter DL, Saunders, RP, and Shi, Leiyu, “Support for School-Based Sexuality Education among South Carolina Voters.” Journal of School Health, May, 68(5): 205-212, 1998. (38) Shi, Leiyu, Lu, Ning, “Personal Characteristics and Self-assessed Health.” Medical Care, October, 35(10):1069-1078, 1997. (37) Shi, Leiyu, “Analyzing Hospital Market Share Along Product Lines.” Health Services Management Research, August, 10(3): 137-145, 1997. (36) Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E. “Practice Environment and the Employment of Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, and Certified Nurse Midwives by Community Health Centers.” Journal of Allied Health, Summer, 26(3):105-111, 1997. (35) Shi, Leiyu, “Health Care Spending, Delivery, and Outcome in Developed Countries: A Cross National Comparison.” American Journal of Medical Quality, Summer, 12(2): 83-93, 1997. (34) Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E., Richter DL., Stoskopf, CH., Baker, SL., and Sy, F., “Primary Care Physicians and Barriers to Providing Care to Persons with HIV/AIDS.” Evaluation and the Health Professions, June, 20(2): 164-187, 1997. (33) Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E., Lazarus, Stevens S., and Pieper, Lisa. “Physician Recruitment and Retention: A Rural-Suburban Comparison.” International Journal of Public Administration, July, 20(7): 1341-1365, 1997. (32) Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E., Glover, Saundra. “Educational Preparation and Attributes of Community and Migrant Health Center Administrators.” Journal of Health Administration Education, 15(1):1-20, Winter 1997. (31) Kao, Senyeong, Chen, Li-Mei,, Shi, Leiyu, Weinrich, Martin C, and Miller, C. Arden. “Maternal Mortality in Taiwan: Rates and Trends.” International Family Planning Perspectives, 23:34-35 & 38, 1997. (30) Kao, Senyeong, Chen, Li-Mei, Shi, Leiyu, and Weinrich, Martin C. “Underreporting and Misclassification of Maternal Mortality in Taiwan.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 76:629-36, 1997. (29) Glover, Saundra H., Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, Michael E. “African-American Administrators in Community/Migrant Health Centers.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 8(2): 153-169, 1997. (28) Singh, DA., Shi, Leiyu, Samuels, ME., and Amidon, RL. “How Well Trained Are Nursing Home Administrators?” Hospitals & Health Services Administration, 42(1):101-115, 1997.